Old Forces and New Dynamics Create Wicked Problems
Caplan, R., Hanson, L. and Donovan, J. (2018). Dead Reckoning, Data & Society. Retrieved from: https://datasociety.net/output/dead-reckoning/
Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Stanley, H. E. and Quattrociocchi, W. (2016) The spreading of misinformation online. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (3), 554-559. Retrieved from: http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/113/3/554.full.pdf
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. and Cook, J. (2017) Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the “post-truth” era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. 6 (4), 353-369. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008
Marwick, A. and Lewis, R. (2017, May 15). Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online. Retrieved from: https://datasociety.net/output/media-manipulation-and-disinfo-online/.
Tucker, J., Guess, A., Barberá, P., Vaccari, C., Siegel, A., Sanovich, S., Stukal, D., and Nyhan, B.(2018, March) Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation. Hewlett Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.hewlett.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Social-Media-Political-Polarization-and-Political-Disinformation-Literature-Review.pdf
Wardle, C., and Derakhshan, H. (2017). “INFORMATION DISORDER: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making.” Harvard Kennedy School Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy. Retrieved from: https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/168076277c
Wardle, C. (2017). Fake news. It’s complicated. First Draft. Retrieved from: https://medium.com/1st-draft/fake-news-its-complicated-d0f773766c79
How Platforms Change… and Change Us
Bickert, M. (2018, April 24). Publishing Our Internal Enforcement Guidelines and Expanding Our Appeals Process. Facebook Newsroom. Retrieved from: https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/04/comprehensive-community-standards/
Crawford, K., and Gillespie, T. (2014). What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint. New Media & Society. doi:10.1177/1461444814543163. Retrieved from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1461444814543163
Gillespie, T. (2017). Governance of and by platforms. In Jean Burgess, Thomas Poell, and Alice Marwick (Eds.), SAGE Handbook of Social Media. London, UK: SAGE. Retrieved from: http://culturedigitally.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Gillespie-Governance-ofby-Platforms-PREPRINT.pdf
Lapaowsky, I and Levy, S. (2018, April 24). Here’s What Facebook Won’t Let You Post. Wired Magazine. Retrieved from: https://www.wired.com/story/heres-what-facebook-wont-let-you-post/
Massanari, A. (2017). # Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit’s algorithm, governance, and culture support toxic technocultures. New Media & Society, 19(3), 329-346. Retrieved from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1461444815608807
Napoli, Philip M., and Caplan, Robyn. (2017). Why media companies insist they’re not media companies, why they’re wrong, and why it matters. First Monday, 22(5). Retrieved from: http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/7051/6124
Plantin, J.-C., Lagoze, C., Edwards, P. N., and Sandvig, C. (2016). Infrastructure studies meet platform studies in the age of Google and Facebook. New Media & Society. doi:10.1177/1461444816661553
Out of Context & Out of Control
Buolamwini, J. (January 26 2018). How I’m Fighting Bias in algorithms [Ted Talk]. Retrieved from: https://www.ted.com/talks/joy_buolamwini_how_i_m_fighting_bias_in_algorithms
Monahan, T. (2018). Algorithmic Fetishism. Surveillance & Society, 16(1), 1-5. Retrieved from: https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/10827/7371
Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of Oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. NYU Press.
Roberts, S. T. (2018). Digital detritus: ‘Error’ and the logic of opacity in social media content moderation. First Monday, 23(3). Retrieved from: http://www.firstmonday.dk/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8283/6649
Wells, M. T., Ajunwa, I., Barocas, S., Duffy, B. E., and Ziewitz, M. (2018) Algorithms, Big Data, and Inequality. Cornell University. Retrieved from: http://socialsciences.cornell.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ISS-Algorithms-Public.pdf
Recognizing and Addressing the Limitations of Practical Interventions
Ananny, M. (2018, April 4) Checking in with the Facebook fact-checking partnership. Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved from: https://www.cjr.org/tow_center/facebook-fact-checking-partnerships.php
Ciampaglia, G. L., Shiralkar, P., Rocha, L. M., Bollen, J., Menczer, F., and Flammini, A. (2015) Computational fact checking from knowledge networks. PloS one, 10(6), e0128193. Retrieved from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0128193&type=printable
Egele, M., Stringhini, G., Kruegel, C., and Vigna, G. (2017) Towards detecting compromised accounts on social networks. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing. 14 (4), 447-460. Retrieved from: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.03531.pdf
Fletcher, R., Schifferes, S., and Thurman, N. (2017) Building the ‘Truthmeter’: Training algorithms to help journalists assess the credibility of social media sources. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies. 135485651771495. Retrieved from: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17446/1/accepted%20version%20for%20distribution.pdf
Jankowski, N. W. (2018). Researching Fake News: A Selective Examination of Empirical Studies. Javnost-The Public, 25(1-2), 248-255. Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13183222.2018.1418964
Long, Y., Lu, Q., Xiang, R., Li, M., and Huang, C. R. (2017). Fake News Detection Through Multi-Perspective Speaker Profiles. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers) (Vol. 2, pp. 252-256). Retrieved from: http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2043
Ruchansky, N., Seo, S., and Liu, Y. (2017). CSI: A Hybrid Deep Model for Fake News. arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.06959. Retrieved from: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.06959.pdf
Shu, K., Sliva, A., Wang, S., Tang, J., and Liu, H. (2017). Fake news detection on social media: A data mining perspective. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 19(1), 22-36. Retrieved from: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1708.01967.pdf
Shu, K., Wang, S., and Liu, H. (2017). Exploiting Tri-Relationship for Fake News Detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.07709. Retrieved from: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.07709.pdf
Research-Industry Relationships and Data Diversity
Brooks, C. (2018, March 15). It’s time for Facebook to share more data with researchers. Wired Magazine. Retrieved from: https://www.wired.com/story/its-time-for-facebook-to-share-more-data-with-researchers/
Gonzalez, R. (2018, March 22). Facebook’s new data restrictions will handcuff even honest researchers. Wired Magazine. Retrieved from: https://www.wired.com/story/fb-data-restrictions-hobble-researchers/
Gray, M. L. (2015, August 21). The future of work: Caring for the crowdworker going it alone. Pacific Standard. Retrieved from: http://www.psmag.com/business-economics/the-future-of-work-caring-for-the-crowdworker-going-it-alone
Gray, M.L., Suri, S. (2017, January 9) The Humans Working Behind the AI Curtain. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/2017/01/the-humans-working-behind-the-ai-curtain
Hossain, N., and Scott-Villiers, P. (2018). Ethical and Methodological Issues in Large Qualitative Participatory Studies. American Behavioral Scientist, 0(0), 0002764218775782. doi:10.1177/0002764218775782
Kitchin, R. (2016). Thinking critically about and researching algorithms. Information, Communication & Society, 1-16. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2016.1154087
King, G., Persily, N. (2018, April 9) A New Model for Industry-Academic Partnerships. Retrieved from: https://gking.harvard.edu/files/gking/files/partnerships.pdf?m=1523272544
Seaver, N. (2017). Algorithms as culture: Some tactics for the ethnography of algorithmic systems. Big Data & Society, 4(2), 2053951717738104. doi:10.1177/2053951717738104
Zook, M., Barocas, S., boyd, d., Crawford, K., Keller, E., Gangadharan, S. P., Pasquale, F. (2017). Ten simple rules for responsible big data research. PLoS Computational Biology, 13(3), e1005399. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005399
Policy Interventions and Considerations
Angwin, J. (2018, April 5). How the Government could fix Facebook. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/04/four-ways-to-fix-facebook/557255/
California State Legislation. (2018) SB-1424 Internet: social media: advisory group. Plans to make platforms / publishers responsible for content verification. Retrieved from: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1424
California State Legislature (2018) AB-1950 Consumers: Internet privacy. Plans to make social media website operators identify ‘bot’ accounts. Retrieved from: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1950
Clark, J. D., Faris, R. M., Morrison-Westphal, R. J., Noman, H., Tilton, C. B., and Zittrain, J. L. (2017). The shifting landscape of global internet censorship. The Internet Monitor. Retrieved from: https://thenetmonitor.org/research/2017-global-internet-censorship
Guardian, The. (2017, June 30). Germany approves plans to fine social media firms up to €50m. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jun/30/germany-approves-plans-to-fine-social-media-firms-up-to-50m
Klonick, K. (2017). The New Governors: The People, Rules, and Processes Governing Online Speech. SSRN. Retrieved from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2937985
Solon, O. (2018, April 19). How Europe’s ‘breakthrough’ privacy law takes on Facebook and Google. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/19/gdpr-facebook-google-amazon-data-privacy-regulation
Kaye, D. (2018, April 6). A Human Rights Approach to Platform Content Regulation. United Nations, Human Rights Council. Retrieved from: https://freedex.org/a-human-rights-approach-to-platform-content-regulation/
Marda, V., Milan, S. (2018, May 21). Wisdom of the Crowd: Multistakeholder perspectives on the Fake News Debate. DATACTIVE Ideas Lab. Retrieved from: http://globalnetpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Fake-News-Report_Final.pdf
Agenda and Infrastructures for Discovery and Engagement
Anderson, J. and Raine, L. (2017) The Future of Truth and Misinformation Online. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/10/19/the-future-of-truth-and-misinformation-online/
Ciampaglia, G. L. (2018). The Digital Misinformation Pipeline. In Positive Learning in the Age of Information (pp. 413-421). Springer VS, Wiesbaden.
High Level Group on Fake News (European Commission) (2018). A multidimensional approach to disinformation. European Commission. Retrieved from: https://blog.mozilla.org/netpolicy/files/2018/03/HLEG-on-Fake-News_Final-Report.pdf
Lazer, D., Baum, M., Grinberg, N., Friedland, L., Joseph, K., Hobbs, W., and Mattsson, C. (2017). Combating fake news: An agenda for research and action. Harvard Kennedy School, Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, 2. Retrieved from: https://shorensteincenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Combating-Fake-News-Agenda-for-Research-1.pdf
Zuckerman, E. (2017, January 18). It’s Journalism’s Job to Save Civics. Medium. Retrieved from: https://medium.com/@EthanZ/its-journalism-s-job-to-save-civics-2b31f46092e4